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This article is about device drivers for hardware. For other software drivers, see. In computing, a device driver is a that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used. A driver communicates with the through the or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device.

Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware dependent and -specific. They usually provide the handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • Purpose [ ] The main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or that use it. Programmers can write higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end-user is using. For example, a high-level application for interacting with a may simply have two functions for 'send data' and 'receive data'. At a lower level, a device driver implementing these functions would communicate to the particular serial port controller installed on a user's computer. The commands needed to control a are much different from the commands needed to control an serial port converter, but each hardware-specific device driver these details into the same (or similar) software interface. Development [ ] Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software works for a given function. Because drivers require low-level access to hardware functions in order to operate, drivers typically operate in a highly environment and can cause system operational issues if something goes wrong.

In contrast, most user-level software on modern can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in can crash a system if the device is. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems. The task of writing drivers thus usually falls to or who work for hardware-development companies. Benz wis keygen software license. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware 's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor.

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